Gene Expression: Gene to Trait
DNA Replication: DNA molecules are "unzipped" by the enzyme helicase which breaks the hydrogen bonds between the molecules and are copied, making 2 new strands.
Composition: 50% parent DNA 50% new DNA; leading (5-3) and lagging (3-5) strand Occurs: Whenever cells divide, enzymes control the reaction |
DNA Transcription: DNA is read by messengerRNA and RNA is produced opposite of the DNA template. The enzyme RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of the mRNA.
Composition: DNA template produces pre mRNA which matures into mRNA; if start 3 on DNA strand, RNA starts 5 Occurs: Whenever proteins are made |
DNA Translation/Protein Synthesis: mRNA and ribosomes bind and RNA is converted into proteins
Composition: Protein, peptides are made from start to stop codon (5-3) starting from the TATA box Occurs: In the ribosome after transcription |
Mitosis Vs. Meiosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
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Pedigree Charts
Viruses
Virus: an infectious agent that takes over host cells in other organisms in order to replicate its DNA
Chi Square Test
- Record observed and expected values
- For each category, subtract the expected value from the observed value
- Square this number and divide by the expected value
- Add up the results for each category to obtain a chi square value
- Use your degrees of freedom (number of categories-1) to find the correct p-value on the chart
- If p<.05, reject the null hypothesis
gene mapping
Gene Mapping: gene maps assign fragments of DNA to chromosomes in order to create a picture of an organism's genome or gene sequence, the closer traits are together, the less likely they are to cross over
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhQgSAIMs_s
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhQgSAIMs_s
dna technology
Recombinant DNA Technology: DNA molecules from two different species are joined together, then inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations